Browning is a chemical process which leads to the formation of dark colored substances. It occurs when foods rich in phenolic compounds such as pears, apples, etc., are processed for the preparation of juices and preserves. Their formation is a negative event both for conservation and for the organoleptic characteristics. The reactions that cause browning can be enzymatic and nonenzymatic. In enzymatic browning there is the enzymatic transformation of phenolic compounds into black colored polymers called "melanins". There may be enzymatic browning problems due to the action of phenolases or excessive oxidation of quinones. As a non-enzymatic browning, however, the problem is given by reactions such as the Maillard reaction or by the formation of heterocyclic amines. After a description of the apple and its browning, this paper will focus on the methods of containing the problem and on color studies during the production process in a food company. As regards the management of the phenomenon in production and post-harvest, its progress will be measured (both in production and post-harvest) and the possible advantages and disadvantages of the use of physical, chemical (natural and synthetic) methods will be highlighted ) and on the use of innovative methods still under study.
L'imbrunimento è un processo chimico che porta alla formazione di sostanze di colore scuro. Si verifica quando alimenti ricchi di composti fenolici come pere, mele etc., vengono lavorati per la preparazione di succhi e conserve. La loro formazione è un evento negativo sia per la conservazione, sia per le caratteristiche organolettiche. Le reazioni che causano imbrunimento possono essere enzimatiche e non enzimatiche. Nell’Imbrunimento enzimatico si ha la trasformazione enzimatica di composti fenolici in polimeri colorati in nero denominati "melanine". Si possono avere problemi di imbrunimento enzimatico dato dall’azione delle fenolasi o da un’ossidazione eccessiva dei chinoni. Come imbrunimento non enzimatico, invece, il problema è dato da reazioni quale la reazione di Maillard o dalla formazione di ammine eterocicliche. Dopo una descrizione della mela e dell’imbrunimento, il presente elaborato si concentrerà sui metodi di contenimento del problema e su degli studi sul colore durante il processo produttivo in un’azienda alimentare. Per quanto riguarda la gestione del fenomeno in produzione e nel post-raccolta, se ne misurerà l’andamento (sia in produzione che post raccolta) e si evidenzieranno i possibili vantaggi e svantaggi dell’uso di metodi fisici, chimici (naturali e di sintesi) e sull’uso di metodi innovativi ancora in fase di studio.
METODI DI PREVENZIONE IMBRUNIMENTO ENZIMATICO IN PRODOTTI FRESCHI E PROCESSATI A BASE DI MELA
THALER, NICOLO'
2022/2023
Abstract
Browning is a chemical process which leads to the formation of dark colored substances. It occurs when foods rich in phenolic compounds such as pears, apples, etc., are processed for the preparation of juices and preserves. Their formation is a negative event both for conservation and for the organoleptic characteristics. The reactions that cause browning can be enzymatic and nonenzymatic. In enzymatic browning there is the enzymatic transformation of phenolic compounds into black colored polymers called "melanins". There may be enzymatic browning problems due to the action of phenolases or excessive oxidation of quinones. As a non-enzymatic browning, however, the problem is given by reactions such as the Maillard reaction or by the formation of heterocyclic amines. After a description of the apple and its browning, this paper will focus on the methods of containing the problem and on color studies during the production process in a food company. As regards the management of the phenomenon in production and post-harvest, its progress will be measured (both in production and post-harvest) and the possible advantages and disadvantages of the use of physical, chemical (natural and synthetic) methods will be highlighted ) and on the use of innovative methods still under study.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/59238