International demand for UHT milk and milk protein drinks is growing as the characteristics of this food make it versatile. The ability to transport it easily and store it without the need for a cooler makes it a microbiologically stable, long-life product. Despite this, UHT milk is affected by a deterioration phenomenon that appears during storage, called gelation. This defect consists of an increase in the viscosity of the food to a gelatinous consistency. It also alters the organoleptic characteristics of the product, as the milk becomes bitter. It begins with irreversible and inevitable chemical and physical changes which are a direct consequence of heat treatment, which alter the composition of the casein micelle and soluble proteins; subsequently, the onset of gelation can be described as a consequence of two different causes that often act in synergy with each other (enzymatic and nonenzymatic proteolysis). Several factors are capable of slowing or accelerating the process, such as the composition of milk, its microbiological quality, the intensity of proteolysis during storage, seasonal factors, storage temperatures, etc. This paper will comprehensively describe the phenomenon, starting from the characteristics of raw milk to the occurrence and management of the defect during forward storage.
La richiesta internazionale di latte UHT e di bevande a base di proteine del latte sta crescendo, poiché le caratteristiche di questo alimento ne hanno determinato una grande versatilità d’uso. La possibilità di trasportarlo con facilità e conservarlo senza la necessità di disporre di un refrigeratore lo rendono un prodotto a lunga conservazione microbiologicamente stabile. Nonostante ciò, il latte UHT è affetto da un fenomeno di deterioramento che compare durante la conservazione, la gelificazione. Questo difetto consiste in un aumento di viscosità dell’alimento fino a determinarne una consistenza gelatinosa. Inoltre, altera le caratteristiche organolettiche del prodotto, in quanto il latte diventa amaro. Inizia con dei cambiamenti chimico-fisici irreversibili ed inevitabili che sono diretta conseguenza del trattamento termico, i quali alterano la composizione della micella caseinica e delle proteine solubili; successivamente, l’insorgenza della gelificazione può essere descritta come una conseguenza di due cause differenti che spesso agiscono in sinergia tra loro (proteolisi enzimatica e non enzimatica). Diversi fattori sono in grado di rallentare o accelerare il processo, come la composizione del latte, la sua qualità microbiologica, l’intensità della proteolisi durante la conservazione, fattori stagionali, temperature di conservazione, ecc. In questo elaborato verrà descritto in modo esaustivo il fenomeno, partendo dalle caratteristiche del latte crudo fino alla comparsa e la gestione del difetto durante conservazione inoltrata.
Il fenomeno della gelificazione del latte UHT
CARRARO, GIULIO
2023/2024
Abstract
International demand for UHT milk and milk protein drinks is growing as the characteristics of this food make it versatile. The ability to transport it easily and store it without the need for a cooler makes it a microbiologically stable, long-life product. Despite this, UHT milk is affected by a deterioration phenomenon that appears during storage, called gelation. This defect consists of an increase in the viscosity of the food to a gelatinous consistency. It also alters the organoleptic characteristics of the product, as the milk becomes bitter. It begins with irreversible and inevitable chemical and physical changes which are a direct consequence of heat treatment, which alter the composition of the casein micelle and soluble proteins; subsequently, the onset of gelation can be described as a consequence of two different causes that often act in synergy with each other (enzymatic and nonenzymatic proteolysis). Several factors are capable of slowing or accelerating the process, such as the composition of milk, its microbiological quality, the intensity of proteolysis during storage, seasonal factors, storage temperatures, etc. This paper will comprehensively describe the phenomenon, starting from the characteristics of raw milk to the occurrence and management of the defect during forward storage.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67787