Ultrasound represents a novel technology within the food sector. Thanks to cavitation, it facilitates extraction processes, reducing operation times and temperatures while increasing the yield and quality of extracts. In this thesis, after a brief overview of the juniper plant and its essential oil, vegetable product extraction techniques are described, with a focus on vapour current distillation and novel extraction techniques. Then, ultrasound technology is analysed, along with the cavitation phenomenon and its use in the food industry, especially as an extraction technique. This work aims to evaluate the potential of ultrasound technology in extracting juniper berries, which are usually utilised in gin production, comparing it with other extraction techniques: maceration and maceration preceded by freezing. The idea came from the necessity of finding an extraction method that is less expensive in terms of energy, solvent, and time since the raw material is expensive and, therefore, requires optimal use. In the experimental section, different treatments were applied to extract fresh, and postdistillation spent juniper berries to exploit this product as much as possible. Various process parameters (Brix, pH, ORP, and colour) were analysed. All extractions were performed on both whole and crushed berries, in three replicates. The analysis at the end of the extractions highlighted that more time might have been necessary for efficient ultrasonic extraction on whole samples. However, grinding permitted the rapid release of solutes for crushed samples, so an additional treatment seems optional. The analysis conducted during the maceration showed no differences caused by the product’s freezing, although chemicalphysical parameters and colour were both conditioned by grinding, starting condition, and extraction time. Most of the extraction occurred in the first 2448 hours. Grinding was confirmed to be an important factor in obtaining the most quantity of extract in less time and could be a very efficient method for valorising this food industry byproduct. The results from this study suggest that further research and experimentation are still necessary to optimise the use of ultrasound technology on juniper berries.
Gli ultrasuoni rappresentano una tecnologia innovativa all'interno del settore alimentare. Grazie alla cavitazione, sono in grado di facilitare i processi di estrazione, riducendo i tempi e le temperature di esercizio e aumentando la resa e la qualità degli estratti. In questa tesi, dopo una breve panoramica sulla pianta del ginepro e del suo olio essenziale, vengono descritte le tecniche di estrazione delle matrici vegetali, con un approfondimento sulla distillazione in corrente di vapore e sulle tecniche di estrazione innovative. Viene poi analizzata la tecnologia ad ultrasuoni, il fenomeno della cavitazione ed il suo utilizzo come metodo di estrazione. L’obiettivo della tesi è quello di valutare il potenziale della tecnologia ad ultrasuoni nell’estrazione del ginepro, matrice utilizzata industrialmente nella produzione del gin, mettendola a confronto con altre tecniche estrattive: macerazione classica e macerazione preceduta da congelamento. L’idea nasce dalla necessità di ricercare un sistema di estrazione meno impattante e meno dispendioso in termini energetici, di solvente e di tempo, visto il costo elevato della materia prima, che ne rende necessario l’utilizzo ottimale. Nella parte sperimentale sono stati applicati i diversi trattamenti per l’estrazione delle bacche di ginepro fresche ed esauste da distillazione del gin, proprio per poter sfruttare il più possibile questa matrice vegetale. Sono stati analizzati i vari parametri legati al processo (Brix, pH, ORP e colore). Tutte le estrazioni sono state svolte sia su campioni interi che contusi in tre repliche. Le analisi di fine estrazione hanno evidenziato che un maggiore tempo di trattamento con ultrasuoni potrebbe aver favorito una più efficace estrazione della matrice intera. Nel caso dei campioni contusi, la triturazione ha favorito il rapido rilascio dei vari composti presenti nelle bacche, tale da non rendere necessario un successivo trattamento. Le analisi condotte durante la macerazione non hanno mostrato differenze dovute al pretrattamento di congelamento, ma sia i parametri fisicochimici che il colore sono stati influenzati da triturazione, condizione di partenza e tempo di estrazione. L’estrazione maggiore è avvenuta nelle prime 2448 ore. La contusione si è confermata un parametro importante per ottenere la maggior quantità di estratto in poco tempo e potrebbe rivelarsi efficace per favorirne un’ulteriore estrazione e valorizzare un sottoprodotto dell’industria alimentare. I risultati del presente studio forniscono una base di partenza per poter ottimizzare l’impiego della tecnologia ad ultrasuoni sulle bacche di ginepro.
Utilizzo degli ultrasuoni per l'estrazione di bacche di ginepro fresche ed esauste
CALAON, ANNA
2023/2024
Abstract
Ultrasound represents a novel technology within the food sector. Thanks to cavitation, it facilitates extraction processes, reducing operation times and temperatures while increasing the yield and quality of extracts. In this thesis, after a brief overview of the juniper plant and its essential oil, vegetable product extraction techniques are described, with a focus on vapour current distillation and novel extraction techniques. Then, ultrasound technology is analysed, along with the cavitation phenomenon and its use in the food industry, especially as an extraction technique. This work aims to evaluate the potential of ultrasound technology in extracting juniper berries, which are usually utilised in gin production, comparing it with other extraction techniques: maceration and maceration preceded by freezing. The idea came from the necessity of finding an extraction method that is less expensive in terms of energy, solvent, and time since the raw material is expensive and, therefore, requires optimal use. In the experimental section, different treatments were applied to extract fresh, and postdistillation spent juniper berries to exploit this product as much as possible. Various process parameters (Brix, pH, ORP, and colour) were analysed. All extractions were performed on both whole and crushed berries, in three replicates. The analysis at the end of the extractions highlighted that more time might have been necessary for efficient ultrasonic extraction on whole samples. However, grinding permitted the rapid release of solutes for crushed samples, so an additional treatment seems optional. The analysis conducted during the maceration showed no differences caused by the product’s freezing, although chemicalphysical parameters and colour were both conditioned by grinding, starting condition, and extraction time. Most of the extraction occurred in the first 2448 hours. Grinding was confirmed to be an important factor in obtaining the most quantity of extract in less time and could be a very efficient method for valorising this food industry byproduct. The results from this study suggest that further research and experimentation are still necessary to optimise the use of ultrasound technology on juniper berries.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/77963