Kefir is a fermented beverage primarily produced from cow's milk through the action of specific granules composed of a complex and well-balanced community of microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and other microbial species. In recent years, kefir has garnered significant scientific and nutritional interest due to its potential role in promoting human health. This paper explores the microbiological, chemical, and functional aspects of kefir, highlighting the health benefits documented through numerous experimental and clinical studies. Following an introduction to probiotic microorganisms—with particular emphasis on safety considerations and current regulations—the historical background, preparation methods, and chemical and microbiological composition of the beverage are examined. Special attention is given to the probable probiotic species found in kefir. The kefir grains, whose structural and microbial diversity are among the key sources of the beverage’s unique properties, are also discussed. The relationships among the microorganisms within the grains are clarified, forming the basis for hypotheses regarding the formation and maintenance of the granules. The paper also addresses the general health benefits of kefir, including its positive effects on gastrointestinal function, and its anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Several experimental studies are reviewed that confirm some of the beneficial actions attributed to kefir. In particular, in vitro studies have demonstrated its antimicrobial effects, attributed to microbial metabolites such as kefiran, which are considered potential alternatives to antibiotics. Kefir also shows promise in the long-term reduction of cardiovascular risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome, by lowering LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and hypertension. Furthermore, its role in improving lactose digestion in lactose-intolerant individuals—by alleviating common symptoms—is discussed. For each study, hypotheses are formulated regarding the mechanisms underlying the observed effects, and these are compared with findings from similar studies.
Il kefir è una bevanda fermentata prodotta principalmente a partire dal latte vaccino grazie a specifici granuli costituiti da una comunità di microrganismi complessa e ben bilanciata, formata da batteri lattici, lieviti e altre specie microbiche. Negli ultimi anni il kefir ha destato notevole interesse scientifico e nutrizionale per il suo potenziale ruolo nella promozione della salute umana. In questo elaborato vengono approfonditi gli aspetti microbiologici, chimici e funzionali del kefir, evidenziando i benefici documentati attraverso numerosi studi sperimentali e clinici. Dopo un’introduzione sui microrganismi probiotici, con particolare attenzione agli aspetti di sicurezza e alla normativa vigente, vengono analizzati il contesto storico, i metodi di preparazione della bevanda e la sua composizione chimica e microbiologica, soffermandosi in particolare sui possibili probiotici presenti all’interno del kefir. Vengono poi illustrati i grani di kefir, la cui struttura e diversificazione microbica costituiscono una delle fonti delle proprietà peculiari del prodotto finito. Viene chiarito anche il tipo di rapporto che hanno i microrganismi all’interno dei granuli, il quale sta alla base delle ipotesi della loro formazione e mantenimento. L'elaborato segue affrontando gli effetti benefici generali della bevanda sulla funzione gastrointestinale, sull’attività anticancerogena, antiossidante e antinfiammatoria. Vengono poi presi in esame diversi studi sperimentali che confermano alcune delle attività benefiche esercitate dal kefir. In particolare, studi in vitro confermano il suo effetto antimicrobico grazie ai metaboliti prodotti dai microrganismi, come il kefiran, considerandoli un’alternativa agli antibiotici. Il kefir si dimostra un alleato anche nella riduzione a lungo termine del rischio cardiovascolare in soggetti aventi sindrome metabolica, diminuendo il colesterolo LDL, trigliceridi e ipertensione. Viene espressa inoltre la sua funzione nel migliorare la digestione del lattosio in soggetti intolleranti, attenuandone i sintomi tipici. Per ciascuno studio si formulano diverse ipotesi sui meccanismi alla base degli effetti osservati, confrontandoli con risultati ottenuti in altri studi simili.
Kefir: aspetti microbiologici ed effetti benefici sulla salute umana
ZULIANI, MATILDE
2024/2025
Abstract
Kefir is a fermented beverage primarily produced from cow's milk through the action of specific granules composed of a complex and well-balanced community of microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and other microbial species. In recent years, kefir has garnered significant scientific and nutritional interest due to its potential role in promoting human health. This paper explores the microbiological, chemical, and functional aspects of kefir, highlighting the health benefits documented through numerous experimental and clinical studies. Following an introduction to probiotic microorganisms—with particular emphasis on safety considerations and current regulations—the historical background, preparation methods, and chemical and microbiological composition of the beverage are examined. Special attention is given to the probable probiotic species found in kefir. The kefir grains, whose structural and microbial diversity are among the key sources of the beverage’s unique properties, are also discussed. The relationships among the microorganisms within the grains are clarified, forming the basis for hypotheses regarding the formation and maintenance of the granules. The paper also addresses the general health benefits of kefir, including its positive effects on gastrointestinal function, and its anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Several experimental studies are reviewed that confirm some of the beneficial actions attributed to kefir. In particular, in vitro studies have demonstrated its antimicrobial effects, attributed to microbial metabolites such as kefiran, which are considered potential alternatives to antibiotics. Kefir also shows promise in the long-term reduction of cardiovascular risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome, by lowering LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and hypertension. Furthermore, its role in improving lactose digestion in lactose-intolerant individuals—by alleviating common symptoms—is discussed. For each study, hypotheses are formulated regarding the mechanisms underlying the observed effects, and these are compared with findings from similar studies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/88191